Frank Lloyd Wright Essay

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) Essay

How does the Bible portray sin ( Hamartiology) - Essay Example In this paper the creator examinations a piece of efficient religious philosophy, Hamartiology, as the authority ‘Doctrine of Sin’ and will in general explain the significance, indication and outcomes of transgression. Hamartiology has been a questionable subject among specialists, some put stock in the first sin perspective which was given to us by Apostle Paul, though whatever contend that people were either not in any way influenced by the fall of man, another section of Hamartiology likewise talks about that whether people were or were not influenced by the fall of man is superfluous, yet mankind is evil essentially as a result of the fiend. Aside from the idea of unique sin, the Hamartiology area in philosophy additionally manages different sorts of transgression, and precisely depicts what God really implies when he makes reference to sin in the incredible book. Various extracts from the confirmations have been taken to communicate the Bible’s viewpoint towa rds wrongdoing, which in theoretical point towards two implications; the first being offense and the second to miss or neglect the imprint. Inside this paper sin, its beginning, and its temperament have likewise been examined altogether. A significant area of Hamartiology manages the cognizance of ‘original sin’, which expresses that, us people being relatives of Adam and Eve are not what God really created as most Christians accept. Inside the holy book, various words are utilized which are synonymic to sin, a portion of the terms are indecency, offense, against the desire of god, polluting god, non-confidence in god, and obviously intruding.

HE 491 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HE 491 - Article Example They found the jobs of expert and political cooperation, and generally speaking felt enabled to have any kind of effect in their professions. Bosom Cancer Advocacy Internship An examination on bosom disease promotion preparing upheld a requirement for understudies ‘to become politically dynamic experts who take part in associations that help them expertly, however which influence the wellbeing and prosperity of the networks where they live and serve.’ This investigation uncovered that numerous understudies had an expanded feeling of association with the issue of bosom malignancy avoidance and mindfulness through backing preparing. They built up a feeling of strengthening in having the option to affect the issue through political mindfulness and promotion activity. This examination made them progressively mindful of genuine down to earth utilizations of what they were hypothetically realizing inside the study halls. It allowed the understudies to investigate creative ways to deal with the problem, just as become expertly mindful of the coordinated effort required among the expert and political network. More than anything, understudies built up a need to keep moving and a need to turn out to be effectively associated with the issues encompassing bosom malignant growth mindfulness, counteraction, and research in their own networks.

What Cheating Out and Other Theater Jargon Means

What Cheating Out and Other Theater Jargon Means Dramatization class and theater practices are a portion of the main spots where cheating is empowered. Actually no, not undermining a test. Whenâ actorsâ cheatâ out, they position themselves towards the crowd, they share their bodies and voices with the goal that crowds can see and hear them better. To Cheat Out implies that the entertainer straightens out their body in view of a group of people. This may imply that the entertainers hold an up that is not exactly common - which is the reason this training swindles reality a tad. In any case, at any rate the crowd will have the option to see and hear the entertainer! Regularly, when youngâ actors areâ rehearsing in front of an audience, they may turn their backs to the crowd, or offer just a constrained view. The chief at that point may state, Cheat out, if you don't mind Slapped together During a presentation of a play, in the event that you overlook your line and spread for yourself by saying something all things considered, you are promotion libbing, making discourse on the spot. The condensed term off the cuff originates from theâ latin phrase:â ad libitumâ which implies At ones pleasure.But now and again falling back on a slapped together is definitely not pleasurable. For an entertainer who overlooks a line during the center of a show, an off the cuff may be the best way to prop the scene up. Have you ever advertisement libbed out of a scene? Have you at any point helped a kindred on-screen character who overlooked their lines with an impromptu? Entertainers have a commitment to learn and convey the lines of a play absolutely as the dramatist kept in touch with them, yet its great to rehearse advertisement libbing during practices. Off Book At the point when entertainers have totally remembered their lines, they are supposed to be off book. At the end of the day, they will practice with no content (book) in their grasp. Most practice calendars will set up a cutoff time for entertainers to be off book. Furthermore, numerous chiefs won't permit any contents close by - regardless of how inadequately arranged the entertainers might be - after the off book cutoff time. Biting the Scenery This bit of showy language isn't complimentary. On the off chance that an entertainer is biting the view, it implies that the person in question is over-acting. Talking too noisily and dramatically, signaling generally and more than should be expected, robbing for the crowd - these are instances of biting the view. Except if the character you play should be a landscape chewer, its something to keep away from. Stepping on Lines In spite of the fact that it isn't generally (or typically) planned, entertainers are liable of stepping on lines when they convey a line too soon and subsequently skirt another on-screen characters line or they start their line before another on-screen character has completed the process of talking and in this manner talk on another on-screen characters lines. On-screen characters are not attached to the act of stepping on lines. Breaking Curtain At the point when crowds go to a dramatic creation, they are approached to suspend their mistrust - to consent to imagine that the activity in front of an audience is genuine and is occurring just because. It is the obligation of the creations cast and group to enable the crowd to do this. In this manner, they should shun doing things like looking out at the crowd previously or during a presentation, waving from offstage to crowd individuals they know, or showing up in outfit off the phase during break or after the exhibition closes. These practices and others are viewed as breaking drapery. Paper the House At the point when theaters part with a lot of tickets (or offer the tickets at a low rate) so as to increase a huge crowd, this training is called papering the house. One of the techniques behind papering the house is to make positive verbal exchange about a show that may somehow or another experience the ill effects of low-participation. Papering the house is additionally useful to the entertainers since it is all the more fulfilling and reasonable to play to aâ full or practically full house than to play for an inadequately populated arrangement of seats. Now and then papering the house is a compensating route for theaters to offer seats to bunches that may not in any case have the option to manage the cost of them.

Spotify

Spotify © Shutterstock.com | Denys PrykhodovSpotify is a successful online music streaming service that offers both free and premium paid subscriptions. In this article we will look at 1) what is Spotify?, 2) products, 3) business model and key components, 4) learning from Spotify, and 5) criticism of Spotify.WHAT IS SPOTIFY?The Company © Visual.ly | infografiasdelmundoSpotify is a music streaming service, where users can search for music by artist, album, genre, playlist or record label. The commercial website offers restricted content with digital rights management from different record labels. These labels include Sony, EMI, Universal and Warner Music.The service allows users access to millions of songs from all around the world. Users can create playlists, subscribe to playlists created by other users, share favorite sings via social media, offer song suggestions to others and even form a sort of radio station based on any song, album or playlist. The website can also be used to share and play music already saved on a user’s playlist.There is free streaming available as well as a paid option. The paid option allows the user to remove advertisement and download music to listen to at a later time offline. Launched in 2008, the website had close to 10 million users with 2.5 million having a paid subscription wit hin two years or operations. In another two years, the website had 20 million users with 5 million of these being paid subscribers. By 2014, this figure had doubled to 40 million users with 10 million opting for paid subscriptions.The website and related apps are available across a variety of platforms. By 2013 the service was available for Android, BlackBerry, Boxee, iOS, Linux, Openpandora, Microsoft Windows, OSX, MeeGo, S60 (Symbian), Roku, Samsung Smart TV, Squeezebox, TiVo, WD TC, Windows Moble and Phone and many others.In 2010, the company was named as a Technology Pioneer by the World Economic Forum.History and DevelopmentThe service was launched in the latter half of 2008 by Spotify AB, a Swedish startup. Since it launched the company has grown considerably with Spotify Ltd established as a parent company in London and Spotify AB as the research and development arm in Stockholm.The service was created by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon. Ek was the former CTO of Stardoll, a br owser game as well as CEO for utorrent, the most popular bitTorrent client in the world. Lorentzon had previously cofounded TradeDoubler, an internet marketing company.The service was launched to the public in October 2008. In the beginning, free accounts were available by invitation while paid ones were open to all. Licensing deals were made with major record labels and this information as also shared with the public at launch. During the first year of operation, the company suffered losses close to US$ 4.4 million. By 2009, the invite only caveat was removed and free accounts were also made available to everyone in the United Kingdom.The service launched in the United States in 2011, after years of negotiations with four significant record companies. Changes to Access LevelsThe company paid close to 45 million Euros to its licensors in 2010. To keep up with the expense, the company announced in 2011 that there would be a significant change in the music available to free account ho lders. Audio streaming of only 10 hours a month would be available and users would be able to listen to a particular song only as much as 5 times in total. These changes exempted all paid subscribers.PRODUCTS © Flickr | Niels HeidenreichThe products, or in this case features, offered by Spotify include:Catalogue: The catalogue is the entire collection of music on offer via the streaming service. By 2012, this catalogue had as many as 20 million songs available for streaming. These songs are from both major record labels and independent ones. Not all artists chose to be featured on Spotify while others are not available in certain regions because of copyright and licensing restrictions by the record labels. Users in certain areas of the world such as the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands can also make song purchases if they are available.Playlists: Apart from individual songs, users have the option of making playlists on the website. These can be shared with other users and there is also an option for multiple users to edit a playlist. Other websites often support Spotify playlist sharing and users can then rate and discuss these.Integration with L ast.fm: Preference based playlists are not available on Spotify but are made available through a Last.fm integration. Users can send songs from Spotify to Last.fm. A service known as scrobbling is also available which identify most heard songs for users. An official application called ‘Last.fm for Spotify’ offers song recommendations based on listening history among other things.Radio: There is also a Radio feature available in both free and premium or paid Spotify accounts. This feature creates a random playlist of songs that are based on chosen genres, artists or years. Another version of this creates lists based on related artists.Integrations with Social Media: Users have the option of linking their Facebook or Twitter accounts with their Spotify account. This allows them to access favorite music and playlists created by their friends. Songs and playlists can be sent and accessed through Facebook messaging and Spotify related stories can be posted to Facebook newsfeeds.Appli cations: The service allows third party software developers to create applications that offer related features such as live sharing concerts, lyrics, music reviews and playlists. These are integrated within the desktop client and written in HTML5. Some embedded apps include Billboard, Fuse, The Guardian, Rolling Stone, Soundrop and Tunewiki.BUSINESS MODEL KEY COMPONENTSThe Spotify USPSpotify manages to attract both customers as well as investors and advertisers. The website’s ability to increase users at a steady rate may be its most enduring characteristic.From the consumer’s point of view, there is a legal way to enjoy the music of their choice. This can be done through a database of over 20 million songs that is expanding every day with music from all over the world. Through one account, music can be accessed through multiple devices.For advertisers, this popularity with users means that they can reach all these people. Advertisements are visible to free account users and th ese make up a major chunk of all Spotify subscribers. Spotify also offers seven different advertising optionsRevenue ModelThe Spotify revenue model is a combination of different elements. Basic services are free with several limitations while full access and additional services are available to premium users who pay a monthly subscription fee. The various revenue streams for the website include the following:Paid Subscriptions: The company aims to bring the older, pre-internet model of music sales back by encouraging users to pay for the music they want to listen to. Because of this, paid subscriptions remain the primary source of revenue for the company. At present, the website offers a Spotify Premium subscription for $9.99 per month. Other offers include student discounts and discounts for users of Sprint. These special offers mean a reduced subscription either long term or for a temporary period of time. For paid subscribers, there are no advertisements or limits on streaming. I n some cases, the streaming speed also increases. The subscription also lets users access the service on other platforms such as different mobile devices. There is also offline access to music available.Advertisements: Another mode of revenue for the website is advertisements. The website offers seven kinds of ads to interested advertisers. These include audio ads. Display ads, billboard ads, homepage takeovers, branded playlists, lightbox and advertiser pages. All categories of ads differ in their size, format and user engagement. For example, the audio ads are higher impact and unavoidable because they run between songs while streaming. Display ads however can engage a user during active and inactive times on the website.Downloads: The website also has songs available for purchase and download in certain regions of the world. This download happens through 7digital, a music stores that partners with Spotify.Royalty PaymentsThe service pays about 70% of its revenue to labels as righ ts holder royalties, while 30% goes to the company itself. According to a supporting website formed by the company, there is no fixed rate per play for any artist. The payment is calculated based on a formula that takes into account varied elements such as country of stream, artist’s royalty rate etc.Issues with Business ModelMany similar businesses and websites strive to achieve scale in order to balance rising expenses and remain profitable. In the case of Spotify, this is not the case. Since most of the contracts with record labels are based on a fixed portion of all revenue paid to them as royalties, a rise in revenue will just mean a rise in payment amounts. This makes it appear as if the company will never move past its expenses to put up profits. This business model for streaming music services was deemed “inherently unprofitable” by a report published by Generator Research. The main author, Andrew Sheehy concludes that no current music subscription service can ever be profitable even with perfect execution.Spotify, despite its growth in terms of subscribers, has yet to put up a profit. The company could hypothetically manage to raise subscribers to a level where the 30% it keeps for itself covers expenses and allows the company to post profit. Daniel Ek believes that the relationship with record labels will get better and smoother when the company achieves more scale.LEARNING FROM SPOTIFYLessons for StartupsThough Spotify’s particular business model may not seem familiar to many startups, there is much to be learned from how the company has managed to strategically launch itself.Find the Gap in the Market: For most startups, the key to success is to find that one unfulfilled gap in the market of their choice. This gap is between what is currently on offer and what the customer wants. Spotify did this by entering a market which already had strong competitors but they were unable to give the customer what they actually wanted in full. One competi tor Pandora wouldn’t let users pick the song to play while another Rhapsody charged a subscription just to begin listening to any music. Spotify managed to create a social, cloud-based service that allowed even free users lots of options to access music when they wanted.Make a Strong Launch: Before a splashy launch with press releases, interviews and media involvement, there needs to be buy-in from early adopters and those with influence over others. These people become super users of a product or service and can then act as advocates of the product to their peers. Spotify managed to create this through an invite only access when it launched operations back in 2008. The quest for invitations creates a buzz and helps create a demand naturally.Use Freebies to Leverage Paid Purchases: A great service or innovative product will attract users. Even a small percentage of these users converting to paying customers can help create a sustainable business model. Though a heavy percentage of Spotify users do not pay for the service, the business has managed to grow revenues over the years because enough users are opting for paid subscriptions. Though most users will never buy subscriptions, Spotify has managed to make money from them as well through advertising options as well as mine data from them on an opt-in basis. This data can either be sold or used to improve technology through a study of user preferences and trends.The Future of Spotify with CEO Daniel Ek and Shawn Parker Building Successful ‘Freemium’ BusinessesA freemium business model is one where a product or service (usually a digital item) is provided free of any charges but a subscription is charged for additional features and functionality. Spotify has managed to create such a business model successfully. Spotify has a significant conversion rate which gives the company a solid base with which to grow and scale. Some key elements of the Spotify model that can help other media businesses specifically include:Protecting the Free Element: Spotify ensures that it does not launch in any new market without a free feature. According to former VP for Europe, Chris Maples, “The balance of free to paid subs has always been in our DNA. If you want to set up a premium service it is fairly simple. We try to create a unique and healthy balance between free and premium.”  Focus More on the Goal and Less on Competitors: Spotify built up its model without focusing too much on existing models. The company believes it is vital to focus on a strong strategy and not worry about what competitors are up to. The key here is to ensure that the focus remains on the target market and their unmet needs along with the content of whatever is being offered.Provide an Excellent Service: Beyond the content itself, there is the service that the company provides. People may come for the content but they stay for the service. A good user experience, customer service and strong technology are the elements tha t create long lasting users and customers. Spotify managed to create a seamless user experience and ease of use across devices.CRITICISM OF SPOTIFYSpotify has been under constant criticism from the music industry regarding its royalty payments.Royalty Related IssuesOne of the issues that come up for Spotify is the accusation that it does not pay fair royalties to the artists whose work is available on the site. There are several cases of artists and labels conflicting with Spotify over this issue. For example, in 2009 the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet reported that a record label called Racing Junior managed to earn only the equivalent of US$3 despite their artists having been streamed over 55,100 times on the service. In 2012, artist Mike Vennart stated that he would rather have his work stolen than to have Spotify stream it because they pay virtually nothing to the artist while making a lot of revenue. The service has also caused sales of material to fall in certain places which w ould be acceptable if the artist was paid a fair amount. The service has been criticized by such popular artists such as The Black Keys, Radiohead and David Byrne (formerly of the band Talking Heads).The counter argument to this has been presented by Charles Caldas, CEO of Merlin Network for independent artists. His argument is that Spotify pays to record labels and this means very little money actually makes it to the artist themselves.

How to Become a Speech Writer

How to Become a Speech Writer A speech writer is responsible for writing speeches for public either on the freelance basis or within a company holding the appropriate working position. Despite the popular opinion, not only politics use these type of services. Thus, speech writer can help at the public event, business meeting, debates, wedding, birthday, or even bar mitzvah. Speech writing requires excellent language skills, erudition, and understanding psychology. However, once you decided to obtain this profession, there are few specific tips on how to become a speech writer. Speech writing can become a challenging endeavor for both a beginner and an experienced writer. Writing a speech is a peculiar skill that differs a lot from fiction or journalism. Thus, the first task of the speech is to directly address to the target audience summoning to action or sympathy. If the audience is not touched with the words from the stage, it means that the speech is ineffective, therefore, the goal is not achieved. That is why, if you want to become a successful speech writer, you have to develop your skills in psychology, linguistic, politics, culture, and many other fields depending on the topic of your speech. Usually, writers consider typical speech-writers as people who write only for politicians. This is a false conclusion owing to the fact that speeches are required in various situations. For instance, business executives, athletes, philanthropists, PR agents also need strong speeches in order to be within the public focus as well as in the middle of attention of the employers. There are some practical recommendations on how to become a speech writer: Gain insight into the related field. A professional speech writer is a credible writer and it has to be proven. University degree in English, communications, journalism, and political science are all related to having the best writing skills which are literacy, quick typing, and ability to make writing structured and understandable. Start volunteering. In this way, an incentive writer can offer to write speeches for community groups on the free basis. Thus, it is possible to tailor writing skills and find out typical mistakes which can be revealed by other people who ordered certain speech. Get acquainted with the right people. Consequently, frequent writing will turn attention of the people who can provide career help in future and get new orders. Seek for speech writers who can provide mentorship and transcend some experience on your writing. All in all, speech writing relies on experience, and the best adviser is the practicing writer who knows all the current tendencies in public perception. Read reliable manuals, tutorials, or even researches on the topic of speech writing. There is a lot of literature about effective writing from experts in the field. Find inspiration in advertising where you have only a few words to deliver a message to the audience. Learn more about psychological linguistics, this realm contains valuable ideas to improve your writing. Try to analyze. Analyze the famous speeches on your own, providing the explanation of the success of the speech. After that, compare own analysis to the one, made by a professional. Look into history, because there are many fateful speeches that influenced our society. Nevertheless, track modern time and listen to the speeches of present world leaders on current events, be attentive to every detail. A successful speech can change the world history. However, a sincere wedding speech can change a small family history, which is a great success as well. Being a professional speech writer requires a constant education in a variety of fields, but what really matters is the talent to influence people’s minds only with words.

Security Policies Security Planning Essay - 911 Words

Security Policies The very important factor of network deployment is security planning. Without doing a full risk assessment, it is not possible to plan for security. This security planning involves developing security policies and implementing controls to prevent computer risks from becoming reality. Each and every organization is different and will need to plan and create policies based upon its individual security goals and needs. The risk assessment provides a baseline for implementing security plans to protect assets against various threats. There are three basic questions one needs to ask in order to improve the security of a system: †¢ What assets within the organization need protection? †¢ What are the risks to each of these assets? †¢ How much time, effort, and money is the organization willing to expend to upgrade or obtain new adequate protection against these threats? Identifying Type of Threat and Method of Attack †¢ A threat is any action or incident with the potential to cause harm to an organization through the disclosure, modification, or destruction of information, or by the denial of critical services. Security threats can be divided into human threats and natural disaster threats, as the following picture illustrates. †¢ Human threats can be again divided into malicious (intentional) threats and non-malicious (unintentional) threats. A malicious threat exploits vulnerabilities in security policies and controls to launch an attack.Show MoreRelatedHow The Data Security Is Used Or Accessed By Unauthorized Individuals Or Parties?3040 Words   |  13 PagesThe Data security is usually referred to as the confidentiality, accessibility, and truthfulness of data. Which means, all the practices and procedures that are in place to guarantee the information is not used or accessed by unauthorized individuals or parties. The Data security ensures that the information is correct and relia ble and is obtainable when those with authorized access need it. There are many policies which cover the data security, but the three that I will mention are, Ensuring DataRead MoreInformation On The Data Security2101 Words   |  9 PagesUseless Information The Data security is usually referred to as the confidentiality, accessibility, and truthfulness of data. Which means, all the practices and procedures that are in place to guarantee the information is not used or accessed by unauthorized individuals or parties. The Data security ensures that the information is correct and reliable and is obtainable when those with authorized access need it. There are many policies which cover the data security, but the three that I will mentionRead MoreEuropean Union : International Security And Defense Policy Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagespillars: the Community pillar, which has a supranational character, the Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar, and the Justice and Home Affairs pillar. The second and third pillars, have an intergovernmental character. Under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) domain are nested all questions related to the security of the EU, including the common defense. EU objectives in the area of external secur ity and defense were identified in Maastricht Treaty in 1992, some tangible crisis managementRead MoreThe Ethics And Ethics, Prevention And Protection1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe Security professional is a must to understand the law and ethics, prevention and protection, security issues and controlling the risk associated with the programs. 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HowRead MoreIs20071634 Words   |  7 PagesISO27001security.com Version 1 28th November 2007 0 INTRODUCTION 0.1 WHAT IS INFORMATION SECURITY? 0.2 WHY INFORMATION SECURITY IS NEEDED? 0.3 HOW TO ESTABLISH SECURITY REQUIREMENTS 0.4 ASSESSING SECURITY RISKS 0.5 SELECTING CONTROLS 0.6 INFORMATION SECURITY STARTING POINT Information security is defined as the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information †¦ Information security is defined as the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information

Essay about The Bibi-Khanym Mosque - 1720 Words

The Bibi Khanym is a congregational mosque, masjid-i jami` in Persian, built by Emperor Timur-i Leng between 1399 and 1404 in Samarkand, present day Uzbekistan. Emperor Timur remarkably expanded his small tribe into the Timurid Dynasty, which lasted from 1370 to 1507. Timur showed great leadership skills and also had an interest in architecture. The results of his artistic interests are especially apparent in Samarkand, the capital of the Timurids during Timur’s reign where art, architecture, and culture flourished. The Bibi Khanum exemplifies the vision that Timur held for Samarkand because of the monument’s dominant and massive nature. Although today the mosque is different from the time of the Timurid Dynasty because of the renovations†¦show more content†¦It was under Timur that Samarkand became one of the most outstanding capitals of the then-known world. It became a thriving city in which markets could be found containing leather, spices, silk, and preci ous stones. It was also a city of great architectural monuments where accomplished artisans and architects came or were brought from around the world to build in this capital. Timur’s goal was to dominate the world and show the dominance of the Timurid dynasty. One of the main motives behind Timurs efforts was the desire to control the trade routes, which linked East and West. With great interest in trade, Timur had an ambitious strategy to reactivate the Silk Road and make it the link between Europe and China. In 1405, at the beginning of his last and greatest campaign, Timur died. Timur is memorialized for his ability as a nomad chief to transform his tribe into an empire using Samarkand as the capital to display the Timurid dynastic power. Timur was not only a great conqueror but also an memorable builder. Whenever he conquered a city that stood in the way of his army, he would bring back the artisans and materials to embellish his royal city of Samarkand. When Timur was not working on military efforts he was constantly involved in the building of these works created in Samarkand. Although Timur built many of his architectural achievements in Samarkand, he also created monuments in other cities, such as Shahr-i-Sabz which is also

Leadership That Gets Results Essay - 1163 Words

Leadership That Gets Results What Do Effective Leaders Do? â€Å"What do effective leaders do to remain effective?† was a question that I proposed to my Leadership Application Program Speakers Round Table Class. In response I received a number of answers from personality traits to emotional intelligence. Leadership is a word that can be defined in many different ways. In the article â€Å"Leadership That Gets Results† they take the time and breakdown the six different steps of leadership, the six styles are coercive, authoritative, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching. The late David McClelland, a noted Harvard University psychologist, found that leaders with strengths in a critical mass of six or more emotional intelligence†¦show more content†¦The authoritative style, powerful though it may be, will not work in every situation. The approach fails, for instance, when a leader is working with a team of experts or peers who are more experienced than he is; they may see the leader as pompous or out-of-touch. Another limitation: if a manager trying to be authoritative becomes overbearing, he can undermine the egalitarian spirit of an effective team. Yet even with such caveats, leaders would be wise to grab for the authoritative club more often than not. It may not guarantee a hole in one, but it certainly helps with the long drive. The Affiliative Style. â€Å"If the coercive leader demands, Do what I say, and the authoritative urges, Come with me, the affiliative leader says, People come first. This leadership style revolves around people-its proponent’s value individuals and their emotions more than tasks and goals. The affiliative leader strives to keep employees happy and to create harmony among them. He manages by building strong emotional bonds and then reaping the benefits of such an approach, namely fierce loyalty. The style also has a markedly positive effect on communication. People who like one another a lot talk a lot. They share ideas; they share inspiration. And the style drives up flexibility; friends trust one another, allowing habitual innovation and risk taking. Flexibility also rises because theShow MoreRelatedLeadership That Gets Results By Daniel Goleman Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesIn the article â€Å"Leadership that Gets Results,† Daniel Goleman suggests that there is a relationship between three concepts: the elements of emotional intelligence, the six leadership styles, and an organization’s climate. Describe the way he believes that these concepts influence each other. You may include a drawing with boxes, arrows, and the like if that helps you to explain your thinking. Ultimately, he argues that these concepts influence organizational performance. Do you think he makes a compellingRead MoreLeadership That Gets Results Essay examples788 Words   |  4 PagesReflection – Leadership That Gets Results The first comment before the article starts is vastly important. Most effective leaders use a variety of leadership styles in order to achieve maximum performance from organizations, teams, and individuals. The ability to act as a chameleon as a leader has huge benefits and allows you to tackle many different types of leadership situations. In order to achieve the best results a leader must be able to use many different leadership styles to accomplishRead MoreEffective Leaders Produce Successful Results1185 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership is found in a variety of aspects of life, work, and sports. Few will argue that effective leaders produce successful results. Many more will agree that successful leadership is not always determined by the financial bottom line in business or by win percentage in sports. Leadership in both business and in coaching requires and often exudes a common set of skills, goals, desires, and strategies that are common in both arenas. Leaders in all walks of life, to include commercial realRead MoreWhat Is My Frame?1153 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is my frame? Upon assessment with the tool provided, my results reflected that I have a somewhat balanced orientation that doesn t lean strongly toward any one of the four approaches. Leadership Orientations Self-Assessment: The results for raw scores and percentile scores for each of the four frames (Figure 1) reflect the numbers hovering almost around 50 percentiles. As per tool assessment this result indicates almost balanced orientation towards all the frames. The characteristics of fourRead MoreAdvantages Of Autocratic Leadership Style876 Words   |  4 Pages Managers with autocratic leadership style are controlling and bossy. As a result, these managers treat employees as machines that are needed to get work done. 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On a basic level, leadership involves having and establishing a clear vision, sharing thatRead MoreHow Leadership Styles Influence On An Organization s Climate Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pages The article of Leadership That Gets Results provides the six leadership styles for individuals to understand how leadership styles influence on an organization’s climate. Furthermore, the six leadership styles are consisted of the emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and social skill. Therefore, these three concepts, such as the six leadership styles, the elements of emotional intelligence , and an organization’s climate, will influence each other because the

Music of the Civil Rights Era - 1007 Words

The words â€Å"civil rights† trigger a sense in the human mind. One of remorse, passion, and hope in a cause worth fighting for. Those weathered by its raging storms refer to it as a turning point in American life after over a century under segregation that can only be described as a necessary silence that African Americans were forced to take on the matter. However, the human mind found itself a way to express those feelings that flowed from its veins. That expression of power and revolt was music. Music acted as the horses that pulled pearlescent chariots of liberty and freedom to the front doors of the White House through public protests, involvement of musical artists, and its impact on the lives and culture of those who were oppressed.†¦show more content†¦Bob Dylan was a significant artist and performer of songs of the â€Å"good times ahead† during the Civil Rights Movement. Bob Dylan wrote songs named â€Å"The Murder of Emmett Till† and â€Å" The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll† which both referred to specific events and murders of the time, while his songs The Times They Are A-Changin’ and Blowin’ in the Wind referred to the entire Civil Rights Movement as a whole (Edwards). He also was an active member of the protest community and would avidly participate in sit-ins and marches like the â€Å"March on Washington† which is where he gained most of his musical notoriety from the African American community of the time and this is where he help fuel the love of fans with his acoustic guitar and raspy vocal pieces (Edwards). Some say that Dylan was almost essential to the completion and victory of the Civil Rights Movement and others argue that without his songs of protest and remorse, the cause of civil rights would have been better off without him and may have ended sooner without the constant reminder of an end in the back of the government’s head (Ward). However, everyone can agree that music had an important part in the movement forward of the Civil Rights cause, whether or not the bias be in the direction of a negative connotation or a positive one. Music’s grace and power had a very important effect on the outcome of the Civil Rights movement. The papers read off words like, â€Å"They have overcome,† and â€Å"One man’s dream is anotherShow MoreRelatedEssay Music Influence on the Civil Rights Movement1037 Words   |  5 PagesS. History A. Worrall Mrs. Stepp 3rd Period 12/11/13 Question: How did music influence/effect the Civil Rights Movement? i. During the Civil Rights era, African Americans changed the way people looked at music by ending the segregation in the music world and by making a well-known â€Å"soundtrack† and influence during the Civil Rights Movement. ii. Topic Sentence: While music was an impact on the Civil Rights Movement, Motown Records is what gave Blacks the confidence to succeed in the onlyRead MoreThe Vietnam Era Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam Era HUMN-303N: Introduction to Humanities Professor Stacey Donald DeVry University During the decades prior to the eighties the two most important issues the U.S. was facing were the war in Vietnam and civil rights. This era changed the way the public was able view the events, there was television and photography which allowed the world to see for the first time what war was about and journalism was not always unbiased. This era was an era of advancement, whereRead MoreThe Struggle For Equality And Rights During The Civil War1323 Words   |  6 Pageslead to the freedom of millions of African Americans who sought the same liberty and equality that was promised to everyone under the United States constitution. These liberties, of course, were not achieved right away. During the Reconstruction era, which is the decade right after the Civil War, many of the recently freed slaves did not have money, property, or credit. They could not buy the necessary things to enjoy their freedom, which lead to sharecropping, a glorified form of slavery. SharecroppingRead MoreIn the 1960s, People Turned to Music for Hope, Peace, and Happiness1215 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 1960s and the early 1970s, music reflected the political and social changes that America was undergoing at the time. Some of these major changes included the African-American civil rights movement and the conflict over America’s role in the Vietnam War. During these hard times, people turned to music for hope, peace, happiness and answers. 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During the 1920â€℠¢s, an era known as the Harlem Renaissance defined black culture and changed entertainment around the world. The black community used art such as music, literature, and paintings to express social freedom. Artist such as Jacob Lawrence, Langston Hughes, and Duke Ellington used their art as a form of therapy and communication toRead MorePersuasive Essay : Life Is About Rhythm 1443 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern Western music, because of the incorporation of percussion into both academia and entertainment music. At first, percussion was introduced into Western Classical music as a means of getting exotic and unusual sounds for composers, and that trend continued all throughout the Romantic era, and even to the present. This surge in percussion instruments, especially the drum set, influenced the early forms of Jazz ushering in percussion into the entertainment/commercial music side of music. Drum set wasRead MoreWho Is Nina Simone?1444 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences. What is so pote nt about pop culture however, is the ability of its participants to share their personal experiences to audiences than can both empathize and relate to the realities these artists present. This extended period of the civil rights and black power era can arguably be defined as the mobilization of the larger public by popular black figures whose individual charismas and drive inspired collective action. Some of these figures were exclusively political, many of which prominent intellectsRead MoreAfrican American Music Culture1490 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Music Culture Jakiella James â€Å"African-American gospel music is a major influence in nearly all genres of modern popular music, from rhythm ‘n blues to jazz, from soul to rock ‘n roll. The musical genre is a unique expression of the black experience in America? The emotionally-charged, wailing vocals and syncopated rhythms give the music a distinctive style. The singing is accompanied not only by instrumentals, but often also by hand-clapping, foot-stomping and shoutingRead MoreThe Success Of The 1980 S1648 Words   |  7 Pageskind of refreshed the US and created a more confident country. There were many people that were trying to find a voice for themselves and realizing that people have a voice and it should be used and heard. Not only were things evolving in the music and fashion industry, politics were taking a huge turn, for the better, and the general everyday life of living in this decade was different than any other decade thus far. All about the Eighties To understand the problems and success of the 1980’s

Blank TAO Form Free Essays

This is an application for a temporary assessment order for the following purposes (FL, 2008; Davis, 2011 and Powell, 2001). To facilitate the authorization of an officer of the law to contact the child and establish whether there is cause for intervention Authorize certified and procedural medical examination or suitable treatment for the affected child Facilitate the entry Of a police office to access the premise and perform survey and search locations where the child is suspected to be, and determine whether apprehension is necessary or not. Authorize the police officer to place the hill in custody in the order of the office in order to ensure that the needs of the child are taken care of. We will write a custom essay sample on Blank TAO Form or any similar topic only for you Order Now Direct the parent not to influence the upbringing of the child through restriction to contact Direct that the parent should have supervised contact with the child, with the name of the specified person outlined in the order. The grounds on which this application is made include the following. Lack of access to nutrition is sufficient grounds for application of the TAO (Davis, 2014 and CPA 1999, 2014). The parents of the child have failed to provide access to nutrition for the child. From the findings, the child appears too small for her size, and the susceptibility to common infections originates from the weakened immunity system. The Notified doubts whether the children get three meals a day owing to the ill health and physique of the children. As indicated by the principal who is a figure of authority, has observed that Michelle appears to display signs of malnutrition. In addition to withdrawal and sadness, the child has failed to carry lunch for school in an institution where parents are expected to cater for that (FL, (2008). Davis, 201 1). In addition to that, the lack of hygiene Secondly, lack of access to a tranquil environment for normal growth has affected the ability of Michelle to bond and attach, and calls for a TAO. The parents of the child have tendencies which disturb normal structure for a child that age (Davis, 2014). As a dependent, the child requires a reliable system for play, growth and education. This is lacking due to the existence of a life style that is governed by substance abuse, criminal activity, delinquency, traffic offenses, violence, and misdemeanors. The constant presence of the police indicates that neighbors have lost good will with the patients, making t impossible for neighborhood participation in the growth of the children. In addition, the prevalence of domestic violence creates unfavorable environment for the progression of the children (FL, 2008), since they are sometimes left on their own as the parents clear the issues with the authorities. As the firstborn, Michelle is faced with a challenging task of parenting and ensuring that her brother is taken care of. Third, lack of support for education, growth and development for Michelle (Cooper, 2006) calls for intervention in the best interests of the child. As a young person, Michelle requires role models and mentors in her life, armorial from parents and peers of the parents as well as other participants in a suitable case plan. Owing to the need for diversity and guardianship, good neighborhood relationships provide for growth and development of children, through interaction with adults and children in the family. However, this is absent for Michelle, due to the abrasive relationship between the parents and the rest of the society. The fact that the parents are not willing to take advice from neighbors and other members of society including teachers indicates dysfunctional family status. Four, the family has experienced challenges for a considerable period, actually since the birth of the first child and calls for implementation of strategies for protection of the child. Although they have managed to survive and get a second borne, Michelle has lived through hardships in her childhood. According to Powell (2001 a TAO is necessary, to provide for the establishment of whether the parents are ready and equipped to take care of the child through the hardships. Although both parents are alive, she has been exposed to challenges and limitations that propagate stunted mental and physical growth. The parents have a high sense of entitlement to decision aging and do not seem to have a way of implementing the strategies they verbally commit to. Five, there is need for protection of Michelle from the life of crime and violence. Children who are brought up under such circumstances are bound to lack certain aspects of empathy and understanding of life (Davis, 2011). At the current status, the parents have created a protective shell around the Michelle, creating lack of access to influence from professionals such as teachers and religious leaders. As result, CPA 1999 (2014) outlined that there is need for child like Michelle to get access to an environment that is eatable for children, away from the late night disturbances and exposure to the cold nights at night. In addition to the squalid and neglected living conditions, the children lack a suitable atmosphere for survival. In addition to the mould which can propagate respiratory conditions, there is lack of basic sanitation which predisposes the children to water borne diseases. Six, Davis (201 1) pointed out medical care and preventive measures as expected from the parents is lacking owing to the pending vaccinations. The health care officials have indicated that the child failed to attend her connation sessions, which is primarily a role of the parent. How to cite Blank TAO Form, Papers

Services Marketing Increasing Customer Participation

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Services Marketing of Increasing Customer Participation. Answer: Introduction: This essay aims to discuss the evaluation of service encounter, which involves the personal interaction of the consumers with the service employees, in the process of availing the service. In todays highly competitive world, the importance of proper and efficient service management cannot be overstated. When an organization is capable of rendering proper service to its consumers, it helps them in providing maximum consumer satisfaction that in turn helps the organization in customer retention and brand recognition. Shostack defined the term Service Encounter, as the particular period, when a consumer interacts with an organization, through its employees, or its physical facilities. The concept of service encounter is very important as if the service being offered to the consumer exceeds or at least meets the consumers expectations, then only the organization will be able to leave a positive impression in the minds of the consumers (Dabholkar , 2015). In case, the consumer has an unp leasant experience with the service employees, he might opt for some another organization. Discussion: A consumer is the real asset of an organization, and as such the quality of service rendered to the consumers, become a matter of paramount importance. On visiting an organization, attention is not only paid to what service is being provided, but also how is it being provided to the consumer. Woolworths, is one of the most reputed supermarket chains in Australia, known for its round the clock service, in its online sale of grocery products. These organizations, such as Woolworths, which provides virtual shopping experiences, to its consumers, must ensure that the employees are quick and prompt in responding to the orders of the consumers. When a call was being made for ordering a few grocery products, from Woolworths, the employees of the organization took considerable time, before one of them responded to the call. However, the employees claimed that too many people called up at the same time, and there was a shortage of time, in responding to the calls in a short time, and hence t here was delay in the whole process. Not only so, the website page of the organization is also not very responsive, and that largely affects the overall reputation of the organization. In the book named, Delivering Quality Service, the authors, Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry, spoke about the importance of RATER model, in evaluating the power of an organization, in satisfying its existent consumers. Here, the RATER model shall be used in order to analyze and measure the extent to which Woolworths, as an organization, is capable of satisfying the demands and the expectations of its consumers. However, for carrying out the RATER audit, a Gap analysis will be carried out, by considering each of the five dimensions of the RATER model (Yan et al., 2013). The RATER model consists of 5 components- Reliability, Assurance, Tangibility, Empathy and Responsiveness ("The RATER Model: Five Ways to Measure Service", 2016). As far as the question of Reliability is concerned, the organization is quite reliable, as it is very systematically organized in reaching out to the consumer, and providing him whatever he has asked for. Since, Woolworths is one of the very few retail organizations that has introduced the concept of e-commerce, it is convenient to place an order, without the need to visit the shop. However, the organization needs to be more Responsive, in getting in touch with the consumers. The service has to be more prompt and accurate in time, because if the employees are opting for virtual shopping methods, they are surely looking for time-intensive ways of getting their goods and services delivered (Sorensen et al., 2013). For this reason, the employees should be provided proper training. Since at present, there are limited number of employees, responsible for taking the order from the consumers at night, the management authority has to hire a few fresh employees. Although, the quality of the goods being delivered by Woolworths, is undeniably high, the quality of service, is not yet up to the mark. Further, the website page is so disappointing, as it is very slow and not very regularly updated, and does not contain many food items, sold in the physical shops of the organization (Lee et al., 2013). Hence, in terms of Assurance, the organization cannot provide a very high quality service to the consumers. It is recommended, that the organization regularly updates its official website page, and trains its employees to repair the website page, making it more user friendly. However, the customer care service is incredibly great, and the employees of the organization accept the feedbacks, both the positive and negative ones, with much patience and adequate care. When the customer service authority was being made awar e of the delay in service, the customer service agent listened about the inconvenience, with great patience, warmth and empathy. Not only so, he apologized on behalf of the organization, and the whole gesture was quite appreciating. The quality of Empathy while dealing with the consumer, can make him feel valued and appreciated, and hence great importance should be attached to the same, while rendering service to the consumers. In terms of tangibility, the employees, the hired workers are more of less being provided with adequate training, to serve the consumers with sufficient care and attention (Soderlund et al., 2013). There are usually various kinds of customers, and each one can be highly distinguished from him or her, in terms of his or her expectations from an organization. There are few customers who usually have a low level of endurance, and as such they would prefer a service that is very quick, responsive and prompt. In absence of tight range of service, these consumers may even opt for other service. In most of the cases, a consumer, while availing the service from an organization, considers the service encounter system, such as the employees interaction with the consumer, physical facility, and other factors an important part of the service itself. Hence, it is important to satisfy the demands of the consumers, more efficiently than the rival organizations. The service expectations of the consumers, can be influenced by various factors, such as word of mouth communication or past experience. In case of word of mouth communication, an individual getting influenced to avail a service, base d on the recommendation of a friend or after watching the advertisement on TV, the expectation of the consumer is usually not very high. On the other hand, in case of past experience, the consumers previous exposure to similar service, may increase the expectation level of the consumers. Keeping this in mind, an organization needs to adopt strategies, that will help in the quality management of the organization (Marr , 2013). Reliability is a very important issue, in any business organization, and it must ensure that the consumers are able to enjoy an uninterrupted service on part of the employees, serving them. In order to meet the consumers expectations, an organization must make its service accessible as much as possible, and if needed, the organization should be taking help of metrics to measure the extent of its consumer satisfaction. For this, conducting surveys on the consumers, can help in understanding the whole situation. When consumers visit Woolworths, they expect a very high quality service, and it is the responsibility of the management authority of Woolworths, to ensure that it is being able to rise up to the expectation level of its consumers.. In absence of the same, the management perception gap will emerge, which gradually ruins the reputation of the organization (Rao et al., 2015). Further, the organization should ensure that there is no market communication gap. Usually, Woolworths s tays true and loyal to the promises, it makes to the consumers, but despite that fact, much complaints were being made, in the recent past, when several consumers could not gain access to the discounts and offers Woolworths promised its consumers, through online shopping mode. The service delivery gap, should also be considered with equal attention (Wilson et al., 2012). This gap is defined as the difference between what the consumers expect the service of an organization to be, and what is the actual standard of service being provided. Woolworths, itself is certified by British Standards Instituition, that ensures that all the products sold by Woolworths, is at par with the safety standards (Vargo and Lasch , 2014). The employees, at the same time, responsible for providing the services, are trained, and since they belong to diverse cultural backgrounds, there is lesser possibility of conflict with the consumers of different ethnic backgrounds. In fact, the employees are well behav ed, and extremely friendly in the way they interact with the consumers. Their responsiveness to the inquiries of the consumers, and a willingness to assist them, once they visit the shop, is quite commendable (Sirianni et al., 2013). Conclusion: The concept of service encounter is highly important. This is because, service encounter is directly proportional to the satisfaction of the consumers, and is indirectly related to the perceived value and trust of the organization. According to Parasuraman, the satisfaction of the consumers depends not only on the products being sold and the services being offered, but also on how the consumers are being treated in the process. Hence, keeping this point in consideration, the organizations are trying to improve each individual service encounter, by bringing change in the structure of the organization, its philosophy or its culture . Reference List: Dabholkar, P. A. (2015). How to improve perceived service quality by increasing customer participation. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 483-487). Springer International Publishing. Lee, H. J., Suh, J. Y., Yoon, K. H. (2013). A comparative study on the effect of experiences on service encounter, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty in the homemade and foreign coffee shop brandsCentered on the moderating role of brand trust.Journal of Foodservice Management Society of Korea,16(3), 197-227. Marr, N. E. (2013). Do managers really know what service their customers require?.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Rao, C. P., Rosenberg, L. J. (2015). Service Provider and Receiver Perceptual Gap Analysis For Effective Dental Specialist Services Marketing. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 583-587). Springer International Publishing. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Sderlund, M., Liljander, V., Gummerus, J., Hellman, P., Lipkin, M., Oikarinen, E. L., ... T. Liljedal, K. (2014). Preferential treatment in the service encounter.Journal of Service Management,25(4), 512-530. Srensen, F., Sundbo, J., Mattsson, J. (2013). Organisational conditions for service encounter-based innovation.Research Policy,42(8), 1446-1456. The RATER Model: Five Ways to Measure Service. (2016).Mindtools.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/rater.htm Vargo, S. L., Lusch, R. F. (2014). Service-dominant logic.What it is not, What it. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Yan, A., Solomon, S., Mirchandani, D., Lacity, M., Porra, J. (2013). The role of service agent, service quality, and user satisfaction in self-service technology

Your Late Essays - Homeroom, , Term Papers

Your Late Your late, what's your excuse this time? No, no I don't want to hear it you can tell me later in detention, sound familiar? Well to half the students in my school it does. That was the usual answer that teachers distribute when students are late to class, which is permissible, but what about what about when your late to home room? Well before you answer that let me explain to you what home room is. Home room is a classroom where a group of pupils must report before and sometimes for an afternoon class. Now nowhere in that definition did it say that home-room served any academic purposes, so then really why are students punished for being late to a class that means absolutely nothing to us and can't be used on our college application towards any credits? This is a question that has perplexed me ever since classmates and headstrong teachers came face to face with the realization of how students felt in having to be on time to a class that really shouldn't even be considered a class. Ho me-room should be considered a study hall but not a class. I have realized that teachers have a plan already figured out to know who's already going to be late for home-room even before it starts, well at least in my school they do. First they stand outside the class room to see who's talking and who's in school so far Speech and Communications

Excel Essay Samples - How Do I Feel About It?

Excel Essay Samples - How Do I Feel About It?Excel essay samples is a topic that we are all interested in as we find it so easy to write. To be able to write one well, it is essential that you have the right type of knowledge about how to formulate your argument effectively.We understand that everyone likes to write in Excel and there are several things that you need to be aware of when it comes to creating an excel essay. It has been said that the most important part of an essay is the introduction. Here, the most important point that you must make in the first few sentences is what exactly is your main subject. This is what will make the rest of your article work properly.You can start off with making a brief introduction and how you came to know about the topic of your essay. You must know about the person that you are writing for as the introduction should also tell about the life of that person. There are times when it is necessary to give some background information about your intended reader. Remember to create this introduction at the very beginning of your paper.The next thing that you need to do is the chapter introduction. It is always best to start with something that is easy to understand and we will all know that when you read an excel essay sample, the reader is almost always lost. Use phrases like 'in simple words', 'to be brief 'just to make things short'. This makes the readers happy and they get used to it from the first paragraph onwards.It is also important to give the example on which the whole idea of your paper is based on. If you are using a specific example as the theme of your essay, we urge you to keep in mind that it has to be a real example. You need to be particular about the example you use. If you go for something that is not real, you will just end up producing a worthless and boring piece of work.In addition to your introduction, the next thing that you should do is to continue your chapter by providing some background informa tion and describing the reason behind your study. The last paragraph should conclude the whole essay and inform the reader about the conclusion that they are required to come to.Now it is time to get down to the nitty-gritty of how do I feel about it. You need to establish the principal points of your essay and then answer the question from the introduction. Although this is a very lengthy process, you must remember that your introduction does not carry any weight in this matter.

Pablo Picasso Essays - Pablo Picasso, Art Movements, Modern Art

Pablo Picasso Essays - Pablo Picasso, Art Movements, Modern Art Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Picasso, Pablo Ruiz y (1881-1973), Spanish painter and sculptor, is considered one of the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was a inventor of forms, innovator of styles and techniques, a master of various media, and one of the most prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. Training and Early Work Picasso was Born in Mlaga on October 25, 1881, he was the son of Jos Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Mara Picasso y Lopez. Until 1898 he always used his father's name, Ruiz, and his mother's maiden name, Picasso, to sign his pictures. After about 1901 he dropped Ruiz and used his mother's maiden name to sign his pictures. At the age of 10 he made his first paintings, and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinations to Barcelona's School of Fine Arts. His large academic canvas Science and Charity (1897, Picasso Museum, Barcelona), depicting a doctor, a nun, and a child at a sick woman's bedside, won a gold medal. Blue Period Between 1900 and 1902, Picasso made three trips to Paris, finally settling there in 1904. He found the city's bohemian street life fascinating, and his pictures of people in dance halls and cafs show how he learned the postimpressionism of the French painter Paul Gauguin and the symbolist painters called the Nabis. The themes of the French painters Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, as well as the style of the latter, exerted the strongest influence. Picasso's Blue Room (1901, Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.) reflects the work of both these painters and, at the same time, shows his evolution toward the Blue Period, so called because various shades of blue dominated his work for the next few years. Expressing human misery, the paintings portray blind figures, beggars, alcoholics, and prostitutes, their somewhat elongated bodies reminiscent of works by the Spanish artist El Greco. Rose Period Shortly after settling in Paris in a shabby building known as the Bateau-Lavoir (laundry barge, which it resembled), Picasso met Fernande Olivier, the first of many companions to influence the theme, style, and mood of his work. With this happy relationship, Picasso changed his palette to pinks and reds; the years 1904 and 1905 are thus called the Rose Period. Many of his subjects were drawn from the circus, which he visited several times a week; one such painting is Family of Saltimbanques (1905, National Gallery, Washington, D.C.). In the figure of the harlequin, Picasso represented his alter ego, a practice he repeated in later works as well. Dating from his first decade in Paris are friendships with the poet Max Jacob, the writer Guillaume Apollinaire, the art dealers Ambroise Vollard and Daniel Henry Kahnweiler, and the American expatriate writers Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo, who were his first important patrons; Picasso did portraits of them all. Protocubism In the summer of 1906, during Picasso's stay in Gsol, Spain, his work entered a new phase, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian, and African art. His celebrated portrait of Gertrude Stein (1905-1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City) reveals a masklike treatment of her face. The key work of this early period, however, is Les demoiselles d'Avignon (1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), so radical in styleits picture surface resembling fractured glassthat it was not even understood by contemporary avant-garde painters and critics. Destroyed were spatial depth and the ideal form of the female nude, which Picasso restructured into harsh, angular planes. CubismAnalytic and Synthetic Inspired by the volumetric treatment of form by the French postimpressionist artist Paul Czanne, Picasso and the French artist Georges Braque painted landscapes in 1908 in a style later described by a critic as being made of little cubes, thus leading to the term cubism. Some of their paintings are so similar that it is difficult to tell them apart. Working together between 1908 and 1911, they were concerned with breaking down and analyzing form, and together they developed the first phase of cubism, known as analytic cubism. Monochromatic color schemes were favored in their depictions of radically fragmented motifs, whose several sides were shown simultaneously. Picasso's favorite subjects were musical instruments, still-life objects, and his friends; one famous

Without a Paddle Amazon and Hachette and Us

Without a Paddle Amazon and Hachette and Us Without a Paddle: Amazon and Hachette and Us Hi. At Reedsy we live, sleep, and all but photosynthesise self-publishing news and discussion. Even if you were living under a rock, a massive rock, like a boulder, you wouldn’t have been able to avoid the suddenly very loudly proclaimed views of authors both traditionally published and self-published over the whole Amazon-Hachette blood war that’s been happening for over a month now. So we had to say something. In fact, we said two things. Below you can find Dave’s take, and you can find Ricardo’s perspective over here.–Well, that was a hell of a week.The Amazon/Hachette cold war is now into its second month. Hachette’s books continue to suffer difficulties on Amazon’s store, including availability issues and price increases.On Wednesday Douglas Preston released an open letter to readers. Previously it had been quietly circulating amongst authors, collecting signatures including Robert A. Caro and Stephen King. Preston et al asked Amazon to â€Å"resolve its dispute with Hachette without hurting authors and without blocking or otherwise delaying the sale of books to its customers.†Self-published author Hugh Howey responded almost immediately on change.org petitioning Hachette to â€Å"stop fighting low prices and fair wages It’s almost absurdly comic, by the way, that this whole conversation has continued without a real, firm context of what exactly Amazon are asking for. The issue driving this could be anything from Amazon demanding discounts and charging for pre-order buttons to Jeff Bezos personally demanding Hachette deliver a plump firstborn male infant every Summer Solstice in unholy tribute. If I were a betting man†¦

In a study in this unit, you found an organizational improvement Term Paper

In a study in this unit, you found an organizational improvement model, process, or tool for addressing health care laws or poli - Term Paper Example The nurse supervisor studies surveys and other quantitative and qualitative data as a basis for implementing significant changes to improve the health care facilities’ current service quality. Currently, the changes in the present organization’s health care policies are to slow. This is understandable because some persons deter the unfavorable effects of change. On the other hand, some health care subordinates feel disgruntled with the disparity between current health care policies and the real situation in a typical patient – nurse relationship. The current policies are too outmoded or too general. The policies are made without regular consultation from the most affected persons – the nurse subordinates. The current health care policies are implemented without conducting an in-depth survey of the real situation within the wards and other departments of the health care facilities. Paul Bate (2007) reiterated the nurse supervisor should not focus on gatheri ng of data as an end. On the other hand, the nurse supervisor must implement a timely gathering of relevant data to update and enhance the health care facilities’ present patient-based policies.

Case study #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

#3 - Case Study Example Age: with the advancement of age, the condition of presbycussis may become more profound having started from early adulthood sometimes from as young as 18 years. It may occur due to prolonged exposure to noise. Noise inducement: in case one gets exposed at a time to very high frequency sounds, then one can become either partially or permanently deaf. It may be due to destruction of sensorineural nerves. The higher the pitch of the sound exposed to may vary the extent of damage to the ear. Very high noise causes a higher degree of damage in much shorter time than low levels of noise. Genetics: sometimes deafness conditions can be hereditary. Where dominant genes exist between parents, the higher are the chances of the offspring acquiring deafness. Modern science identifies non syndrome and recessive types of deafness. Boys Town Hospital is an institute in Nebraska researching genetic and hereditary deafness. Their website reveals genetic fact sheets and information regarding syndromes related to deafness. Moreover, they offer recruitment to people willing to learn about hearing impairment. It is duly registered by the Registry for Research on Hereditary Hearing Impairment. Lastly, New York Rockefeller has also conducted studies investigating non-syndrome impairment. Other Universities and Medical research institutes across the globe have taken steps to ease the diagnosis and possible remedies on the condition. Ferdinand Berthier was an intellectual and an educator in the late 19th century in France. He was born deaf. He was also a political organiser in France politics. He was the founder of the first organisation that took good care of deaf people. He fought for recognition of deaf people in such capacities as political seats, leadership roles in organisations, stating that disability is not inability. The aim of the organization was, â€Å"to bring together all the deaf

Progress and Necessity :: Essays Papers

Progress and Necessity That theater has undergone many changes since its early incarnation in ancient Greece is a fact obvious even to the casual observer. And it is likewise clear that, as the cultural and social structure of the world shifts and changes over time, it is appropriate that its art forms change as well, in order to address appropriately the new reality in which they exist. However, perhaps not too unexpectedly, there are those who reject our modern manifestation of theater as insincere or false -- indeed, as there are in every time those who contest the latest evolutions of all types of art. Chief among those who disapprove of the theater of their own (and, in fact, nearly all) time is Friedrich Nietzsche, a philosopher who seems to have made his reputation largely by being gloomy and arrogant. It should not be surprising to us that a man who had little good to say about anything (other than himself and the things he liked) would criticize the greater portion of the history of any art form, but what is interesting -- and, moreover, an instance of a particular mistake which seems to have afflicted others as well -- is the reason he gives for his displeasure. According to Nietzsche, worthwhile tragedy perished even before the fall of ancient Greece, and the cause of its demise was the rise of reason. As he says in The Birth of Tragedy, "When after all a new genre sprung into being which honored tragedy as its parent, the child was seen with dismay to bear indeed the features of its mother, but of its mother during her long death struggle. The death struggle of tragedy had been fought by Euripides . . . . Tragedy lived on there in a degenerate form, a monument to its painful and laborious death (Nietzsche 70)." As we find out later, Euripides was merely acting under the influence of Socrates -- a terrible man, a plague upon the Athenian state, whose listed faults remind one of Nietzsche himself -- but that is little comfort; the damage is done. And what is the crime of Euripides, this upstart dramatist, who dared introduce a new element to the theater? Apparently, that he "succeeded in transporting the spectator onto the stage (ibid.)" -- that he permitted the common man in the audience to identify with the actors in a more personal way, and therefore shortened, perhaps eliminated, the distance between the two camps.

Bancolumbia: Talent, Culture and Value Creation Management in Mergers Essay

Any organizational culture interventions are designed to address issues that affect almost everybody within that culture. These interventions are done for a number of reasons. There are always enormous pressures on organizations to reduce costs, increase productivity, speed up cycle time of product development, clarify direction, improve morale, and increase participation. Sometimes organizations approach large scale interventions consciously and intentionally, such as when they develop a 3 to 5 year strategic plan, engage in a culture change initiative, or acquire/merge with another organization like in the case of Bancolombia. Change may also be forced on the organization unintentionally due to changes that occur inside the organization such as an unexpected structure change which was also the case for the parties involved in the Bancolombia merger. Organizations often choose a large-scale intervention when the task is complex or urgent, or when multiple people are required to accomplish it. Whatever the reason, the purpose of a cultural intervention in a large system is to make lasting change in the character and performance of an organization, a standalone business unit, or a large department. The large-scale organizational interventions significantly affect integral aspects of the organization’s functioning, structure, and processes. Thus, these interventions are visible, wide-ranging, and require significant commitment and attention of organizational leaders and members. Once culture is established and accepted, it becomes a strong leadership tool to communicate the â€Å"new† organization’s beliefs and values to its members, and especially new comers. When leaders promote the culture, they become successful in maintaining organizational growth, the good services demanded by customers, the ability to address problems before they become disasters and consequently are competitive against rivals. Ultimately, if executed properly, corporate culture can be the only truly sustainable competitive advantage.

Corporate Governances Impact On Capital Investment Decision - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4355 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Overview Through various studies over the years, different scholars and financial analysts have been able to establish a relationship of cash flow on firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment spending. It was significantly proven by (Modigliani Miller, 1958) that a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial status is irrelevant for real investment decisions in a world of perfect and complete capital markets, after controlling for the cost of capital. In case of managerial discretion, based on (Jensen, 1986) free cash flow theory, firms increase investment (including projects with negative present value) based on the availability of cash flows with incentive of increasing firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ value beyond level of optimal investment. Moreover, an agency costs also appreciate the borrower net worth by charging a premium on the external financing. The discussion above explains that the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment decisions are dependent on the availability of internal funds, as cost advantage over external fund is evident. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Governances Impact On Capital Investment Decision" essay for you Create order While choosing an appropriate capital structure, there are certain trade-offs which affects the decision. These trade-offs include tax advantage through acquiring debt against the bankruptcy cost which advocates the use of equity. Keeping this in view, various different models have been supported to explain this corporate capital structure behavior. Pecking Order Theory, initially mitigated by (Donaldson, 1961) describes the financing practice as prioritizing the means of financing, which is necessary for the management to counter against asymmetric information. Either they should generate the funds internally or acquire funds externally through debt rather than equity. Implications to the pecking order theory involves the positive impact of leveraging on the market price, which means, financing through debt sends a positive signal into the market about the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future prospects. Furthermore, intermediaries also undermine the role of management as the financial intermediaries such as investment banks function as the insider to the firm. Consequently, keeping an eye on the firms operations and influencing the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital financing decision. However, Pecking order theory of (Myers, 1984) argues that the firms operating in imperfect or incomplete capital markets where the cost of external capital exceeds that of internal funds, the financial structure may be appropriate to the investment decisions of companies facing uncertain prospects. Gauging the level of corporate investment in any firm is based on the corporate governance; market position of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s asset against its book value can be termed as Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q ratio. Identified by (Chung Pruitt, 1994), Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q as proportion of firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ market value to replacement cost of its assets. Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q can be considered an effective tool for determining financial performance as the data can be collected readily from a balance sheet. When calculating Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q ratio, the replacement cost can be determined approximately by the book value of firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s plant and equipment. Approximate q can be replaced with the actual Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q to make the calculations unproblematic and data can be readily available without any discrepancies. Problem Statement To study the impact of corporate governance on the capital investment decision through cash flow and Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q interaction in relation with Capital Investment HypothesEs H0: Firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cash flow having a significant impact on its capital investment will be linked with high Q values. (FCF Theory) HA: Firms being liquidity constrained due to least payout will have significant investment-cash flow sensitivity, and will be linked with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Outline of the study The report contains the contemplation of research data that will study the phenomenon of cash flows and investment discussed earlier in this paragraph. The study categorizes firms according to characteristics (such as dividend payout, size) which will help measure the level of constraints faced by firms. The study will help readers to understand the complexities of Pecking order theory and Free Cash Flows concept with regard to asymmetric information available and corporate governance which influences decision of the firms. To measure the effect that cash flow-financed (internally sourced) capital spending and Q has on firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment, Ordinary Least Square Regression model will be used to estimate the function. To compute the influence on the Investment, instruments used are: (1) Cash Flow, (2) Approximate q, and (3) an interaction of both variables are created. Through studying the parameter estimates of interaction variable, positive influence on investment will support the Pecking Order hypothesis and negative influence will govern the Free Cash Flow hypothesis. The equation hypothesized in the next part is linear. Definitions Pecking Order Theory: (Myers, 1984): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A firm is said to follow a pecking order if it prefers internal to external financing and debt to equity if external financing is used.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Free Cash Flow Theory According to (Jensen, 1986), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free cash flow theory, high cash flow and low debt create agency costs associated with conflicts between manager and share holder over the payout of this free cash, which is the cash left after the firm has invested in all available positive net present value projects.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Capital Structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A careful and systematic analysis of how claims against a corporations assets can or should be determined, assessed, and accounted for.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Riahi-Belkaoui, 1999) Capital Investment Decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Capital Investment decisions are those decisions that involve current outlay in return for a stream of benefit in future years.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Drury, 2006) Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tobins q is a measure of investors expectations concerning a firms future profit potential. It is defined as the ratio of the market value of a firm to the replacement cost of its assets.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Strecker, 2009) Literature Review Vogt (Vogt, 1994) explained the capital spending behavior of companies with respect to change in dividend cash paid, cash flows, sales, and market value of assets. The regression equation models the variables to proportion of fixed assets, and distributes the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ data in segments of Dividend Payout Groups and Asset Groups. Primarily, Dividend Cash has a strong negative impact on capital spending; it explains that in order to finance additional fixed investment firm needs to sock cash by reducing their dividend. Cash flow, Sales, and Q Ratio having a positive coefficient demonstrates that with an increase in future cash flows, the firm will improve its capital spending. A relationship has been developed between the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment decision and the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial status by Cleary (Cleary, 1999), financial status has been studied with respect to the liquidity constraints. The data is classified into groups through a discriminant analysis on basis of dividend payout policy. Groups taken into study have made possible to identify firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which are more financially constrained more likely to be investment-cash flow sensitive, furthermore, availability of internal sources of funds have a greater impact on firms with high credit worthiness, and vice versa. It has been proposed that the various ownership structures make managerial decision based on the interaction between investment and the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ liquidity constraints. The study conducted by Dedoussis Papadaki (Dedoussis Papadaki, 2010) mentioned that the management can be held separate from its ownership, even on basis of the nationality of the company. On the other hand, it also explained that the relative shareholding of CEO and the controlling shareholders can also be the basis of separation. The sample used in the study was separated and grouped on basis of dividend payout, asset size of the firm, age of the firm, source of control, and kind of ownership. On the given sampling criterion; greater asset size firms, older firms, lower Q (high investment opportunity), and high dividend payout firms showed higher cash flow sensitivity towards investment. Findings support that the Low Q, small, and new firms under the generalized model are facing asymmetric information problems. Indeed these firms are expected a priori to face financing problems that affect the cost of their external financing. On the other hand, low Q, old and low dividend firms are more likely to face managerial discretion problems that result to over-investment. The impact of Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Q is mainly used to determine the investment opportunity of the firm. In this article, marginal Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Q has been taken to evaluate the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment and Research Development expenditures. The asymmetric information (AI) hypothesis proposed that firms provided with a profitable investment-project may be not able to source it through internal cash flows and for the reason that the cost of external funds is too high due to the capital markets ignorance of the firms investment opportunities. On the other hand, agency or managerial discretion (MD) hypothesis constructs the investment-cash flow relationship on the assumption that managers are well qualified in context with proficiency they obtain from managing a huge and fast paced firm and thus exceeding the wealth shareholders beyond their expectations. (Gugler, Mueller, Yurtoglu, 2004) Taking in viewpoint the impact of capital structure on the capital investment decision, firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment demands is the more susceptible towards cost-of-capital or tax-based capital incentive. Whereas, capital structure seems irrelevant as against internal sources of funds can be effectively substituted with sources of funds generated externally. The size of the investment project can be a deterministic factor towards it. Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) explicates that cash flow/investment relationship is more sensitive when taken in reference with firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dividend behavior. Comparison based on firms having more or less liquidity constraints can be further improved when compared on a division based on the scale of the firms, i.e. young or small firms versus large ones. This way the researchers can address the problem of firms lacking the asymmetric information. Under the impression where capital investments decisions mainly pertains to the capital structure or choosing the appropriate source of investment, Schaller (Schaller, 1993) conducted three different empirical tests to determine that information asymmetries have a huge influence on the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment behavior. Differences among the informational base of investors and creditors was also considered a capital market imperfection. Ownership status and age of the firms has an impact on the cost of equity financing, mature firms pay comparatively less price for it than young firms. Same aspect goes for the firms with concentrated with comparison to dispersed ownership. Borrowing is considered a more rational source for investment-projects. Pledgeable assets generate greater borrowing capacity, which afterwards makes firms invest more in pledgeable assets. As suggested by Almeida Campello (Almeida Campello, 2007), such a phenomenon can be termed as a credit multiplier. In case of financially constrained firms, a multiplier relates to the sensitivity of firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment-cash flow relationship that is reflected as the increase in the tangible assets of the firm. Therefore, it is proposed that with fewer tangible assets firms are more likely to be financially constrained. The sensitivity of investment-cash flow relationship is evidently influenced by the tangibility of a firm, as latter discussed. Managers while making capital investment decision considers externally-sourced funds costlier, therefore, overconfident managers over assessing the profitability of an investment-project invests more when having abundant internal funds to utilize. However, deciding not to source externally in case where they are short of internal funds to generate. There has been an evidence of significant relationship between the managerial discretion and investment-cash flow sensitivity. Equity concentrated firms are more likely to be influenced by overconfident managers, unless compensation tools can be used to reduce the effects of managerial overconfidence. (Malmendier Tate, 2005) Goyal Yamada (Goyal Yamada, 2004) have explained the impact of asset pricing in the stock market against investment-cash flow sensitivity. Overvalued stock prices triggers an increased in investment spending and are cut back when stock are being undervalued, consequently, inflated prices collateral assets attract higher level of external financing. Inflationary pressures primarily determined by the economic monetary policy impacts on the variation of cost on external financing, though it reflects highly on cost of external financing, marginally impacts less on the investment-cash flow sensitivity. It has been observable that less financially constrained firms have significantly higher investment-cash flow sensitivity. Characterizations of firms based on financial constraint can sometimes create confusion. Firms having unusually high cash holdings can either be characterized as unconstrained based on the opportunities it has to invest or constrained based on the assumption that it needs to have a precautionary savings to invest in future investment projects. Therefore, financial constraints cannot be used as an influential determinant for investment-cash flow sensitivity. (Kaplan Zingales, 1997) Hu Schiantrlli (Hu Schiantarelli, 1998) put into picture the effect of general economic factors and various firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ characteristics on the value of the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ net worth. Mainly financial status is the most important determinant for the level of asymmetric information problem that managers face. A strong balance sheet position can reflect good sign of firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance which enhances the market value of the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ asset to its stake holders, mainly investors and creditors. Q models assumption also assists in determining the sensitivity of the investment-cash flow relationship, where the indicators determine the investment opportunity and the sources of funds to choose from. Understanding the market influence in proxy of q can also give a clear picture to the movements in the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment over a period. Net worth of firms helps manager determine if the sourcing of funds externally is a viable option in contrast to the investment opportunity which underlies. (Hubbard, 1998) Research conducted on the investment-cash flow sensitivity addresses many aspects of the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial strength. Further study by Calomiris Hubbard (Calomiris Hubbard, 1995) shows that when firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ tax taken under investigation also reflected a significant influence on the volume of spending on investment-projects. They explored the impact of surtax margin, as a tax experiment, on the cost of internal and external funds. Surtax when levied on undistributed profits, obligate the firms to incur certain cost on the internal funds. This effects the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decision to invest and is also reflected on the investment-cash flow sensitivity against the surtax margin. As a result to evade burden of higher cost on internal funds, firms with high surtax-margin exhibits elevated sensitivity in investment-cash flow relationship. Quan (Quan, 2002) discusses the Pecking Order theory with reference to the Modigliana-Miller proposition that works under the assumption of perfect market. Here it is stated that value of the firm is irrelevant and based on a few limitations the choice of financing can be determined via gauging the strength of the firm. These factors pertain to the imperfect market and influence the managers to make their capital investment decision. Once the assumptions are released the financing structure shows a clear picture. The association between Free Cash Flow theory and Agency theory has always been under the limelight when there is a question of retaining the undistributed profits. FCF Theory taken under consideration gives out an option to the management to hold on to excess cash sacrificing the shareholders opportunity cost. These excess funds can be generated to better internal operational efficiency or at managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ discrepancy to source its investment-projects. (Wang, 2010) Research Methods The chapter explains the model used in the given research study. The study focuses on analyzing the influence of Cash Flows and Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q on Corporate Investment. The equation represented by a dependent variable as a ratio of capital spending to the beginning net fixed asset (I/K) predicted by independent variables: (1) ratio of cash flow to the beginning gross fixed asset (CF/K), and (2) beginning Tobins q (Q). Method of Data Collection Main source of collecting the required data is from secondary sources. It includes the Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Company listed in Karachi Stock Exchange provided by State Bank of Pakistan consisting of data of our relevant variables. The data was taken in annual terms to conduct this research. Sampling Technique The Convenience sampling or grab or opportunity sampling would be use in this research. Sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. Sample Size The sample period taken under study covers 8-years period beginning at the start of 2000 and ending at the close of 2008. The data was taken from a sample of 70 (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange and included in KSE-100 index. Research Model Statistical technique Ordinary Least Square Regression technique is used to study the impact of variables included in the study. It helps studies the relationship between a dependent variable and several independent variable. It also assumes the relationship to be linear or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“straight line,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? where the values of predictors lies directly proportional to Criterion variable. SPSS Software is used to develop the regression model and evaluate the influence of predictors on dependent variable. Results Findings and interpretation of results Aggregate Sample: Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates for the full sample of 69 firms The predictors, i.e. main effects of Cash Flow and Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q and an interaction variable of both combined, included in the model explains 78.5% of Investment (Table 1) shown mentioned as R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the variable to observation ratio in the given model is sufficient. Casewise diagnostic was also conducted to eliminate the outliers in the data to improve the results. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test whether the model predicts the dependent variable significantly The F-statistics (Table 2) is significant and it determines the regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : The parameter estimation for full sample of 69 firms with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃŽÂ ²1 = ÃŽÂ ²2 = ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of all predators included in the test are significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 3), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q. Dividend Payout groups: Table : Presents the sample statistics for 69 KSE listed (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are included in the KSE-100 index. The three rows distribute the statistics into High, Medium, and Low payout policies. Average dividend-to-income ratios of greater than 0.35, between 0.35 and 0.10, and less than 0.10 define High, Low, and Medium dividend-payout firms, respectively. While studying the dividend-payout groups (Table 4), the descriptive helps to identify characteristics to confirm whether the data being studied has the authenticity and the behavior pattern which commonly related to the groups assigned. The values of Investment, Cash Flow, and Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q associated with the groups are in complete correspondence with the hypothetical occurrence. Firms having a higher (lower) dividend payout have greater (lower) market value, and lower(higher) level of cash flows and investments. Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates of 69 firms split by High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout policies. The model helps explains 81.9%, 66.7%, and 80% data in High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout firms (Table 5), shown in R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the number of observations is sufficient with respect to variables in each group separately. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test the null hypothesis of ÃŽÂ ²1, H = ÃŽÂ ²1, M = ÃŽÂ ²1, L The F-statistics (Table 6) in each dividend payout group is significant and it determines that each regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : Shows the parameter estimation for each payout groups with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃŽÂ ²1 = ÃŽÂ ²2 = ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of predators in High and Low dividend payout groups are all significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 7), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. Except for Medium dividend payout group, which has insignificant coefficient values of Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q, showing no impact on the investment. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s q. Hypothesis Assessment Summary Hypothesis Independent Variables B t Sig. Comments Firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cash flow having a significant impact on its capital investment will be linked with high Q values. (FCF Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'— Q H0: ÃŽÂ ²3 0 ÃŽÂ ²3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Rejected ÃŽÂ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃŽÂ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Firms being liquidity constrained due to least payout will have significant investment-cash flow sensitivity, and will be linked with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'— Q HA: ÃŽÂ ²3 0 ÃŽÂ ² 3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Accepted ÃŽÂ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃŽÂ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Dependent Variable: Investment (I/K) Table : Summarizes the results and explains that the hypothesis accepted is directly in correspondence with the aggregate hypothesis. As illustrated (Table 8) capital spending of low payout firms is positively and strongly influenced by the interaction term, consistent with the PO hypothesis, the parameter estimate for the high payout firms are also positive but marginally significant. Conclusion, Discussions, Implications And Future Research Conclusion The results illustrated above demonstrates that the positive relationship between the degree of the Investment-Cash flow relationship and Q represented latter in the aggregate data (Table 3) is concentrated in low or no dividend paying firms. This finding is in further support with the PO hypothesis. Discussions The objective was to study and test the causes of universal relationship between Cash Flow and Investment Spending. Hence, two hypotheses were included in the research to study the source of this relationship: the free cash flow hypothesis (FCF) hypothesis, which works on the assumption that managers prefer investing its free cash flow excessively into investment projects that are not profitable, and the pecking order hypothesis (PO) purports that managers are prone to investment comparatively less than the opportunity provided due asymmetric information-induced liquidity constraint. As advocated in favor of Pecking Order Theory by (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) and many others, for groups which consists of small firms with low-dividend payout to fund capital spending, exhibits heavy reliance on cash flow and cash changes. The relationship can be more significantly studied when the impact of larger q value is associated with this group. Evaluating the impact of corporate governance on investment-cash flow relation requires a critical judgment as to how do the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cash flow and the existing market value influence the investment decision. Financially constraint firms may have a larger impact on liquidity associated matters and managers might take discretion in choosing the right sources to tap. Agency cost may be involved in making such a decision where managers may consider paying dividend as a higher opportunity cost as it reduces the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ free cash flow to exploit new profitable investment projects. Implications and Recommendations In the current market situation where external pressures existing can also be taken into proxy. When managers making a capital investment decision they need to take in view other non-financial aspects that also influences the decisions to a certain extent. Furthermore, financial intermediaries having a certain level of involvement and sharing information sensitive to the market can also be a major factor that might be giving a varying result against Investment. Investing in profitable-investment projects can bring in greater resources to the firm in future and it entails a huge decision burden upon the shoulders of the managers. Shareholders expecting to earn a greater return through investing in them can also be undermined when manager decided to have a low payout policy. Funds generated internally is a possibility where there is a healthy cash flow, but it is also preferable if this free cash is invested into marketable security for allocating the resources into a profitable venture for a time being to make it a positive impression. 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